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Legend: 1. Bosporan Kingdom and other Greek colonies (5th c BC to 4th c AD); 2. Roman expansion (1st-2nd c AD); 3. Lands under Byzantine control (4th to 11th c AD); 4. Trajan's Walls (ca 100 AD).

Image -- Legend: 1. Bosporan Kingdom and other Greek colonies (5th c BC to 4th c AD); 2. Roman expansion (1st-2nd c AD); 3. Lands under Byzantine control (4th to 11th c AD); 4. Trajan's Walls (ca 100 AD).

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